Soot removal from ancient Egyptian complex painted surfaces using a double network gel: empirical tests on the ceiling of the sanctuary of Osiris in the temple of Seti I—Abydos

Abstract In this study, we evaluated the ease of removal soot layers from ancient wall paintings by employing double network gels as a controllable and safe cleaning method. The ceiling temple Seti I (Abydos, Egypt) is covered with thick soot; especially case in sanctuary Osiris. These may have been accumulated during occupation Christians, fleeing Romans first centuries A.D. Soot particulates are one most common deposits to be removed conservation-restoration activities Egyptian paintings. They usually mask painted reliefs reduce permeability surface. A Polyvinyl alcohol-borax/agarose (PVA-B/AG) gel was selected for task since its properties were expected compatible treatment requirements. characterized flexibility, permitting take shape reliefs, while also having self-healing properties, featuring stability an appropriate capacity retain liquid. loaded several reagents that proved effective removal. tests conducted these composites. cleaned surfaces naked eye, digital microscope, color measurements order select best composite. composite, solution 5% ammonia, 0.3% ammonium carbonate, EDTA yielded satisfactory results allowed safely remove crust Thus, final phase it used successfully clean larger area ceiling.